Mohandas Ghandi was assassinated by the Hindu extremist Nathuram Godse in 1948.
-Decolonization is the end of empires, and greatly politically changed the world after WWII.
-The cold war and decolonization both reshaped the world in the late twentieth century.
-With the end of empires newly independent nations emerged from the old empires.
-With the cold war, new nations were opted to take sides between capitalism and communism, which compromised the nations' independence.
-New nations were also concerned with upsetting either of the superpowers and facing nuclear threats.
-Over 90 nations gained independence between the end of WWII and 1960
A. Independence in Asia
-After WWII, multiple new nations emerged and by declaring independence resulted in the downfall of empire in Asia.
-Asian nationalists rallied new nations against colonialism and imperialism, fought against colonial and imperial powers
Ghandi
1. India's Partitioned Independence
a. The Coming of Self Rule
- Under Churchill, India was ordered to support war effort
-When British voted Churchill out of office his conservative gov. was replaced with a labor gov. more suited to dismantle the empire.
-Gradual emergence in popularity of self rule in 1930s, but the public called for independent but separate Muslim and Hindu states.
-Muslim separatism grew in popularity as Indian independence became more possible, India was predominantly Hindu.
b. Partition and Violence
-The idea of splitting India into seperate Muslim and Hindu states went against the beliefs of popular leaders like Ghandi and Nehru, but eventually separation was accepted.
-Millions of Hindu and Muslim refugees crossed into either Hindu India or Muslim Pakistan
-Over a million died in the violence following these migrations
-Deaths upset Ghandi, who continually tried to get both sides to practice nonviolence
-When assassinated he became a martyr to his own cause.
JN
c. Conflict between India and Pakistan
- there were complications between the two nations, where migration hostility, combined with efforts to enhance the individual nation power
-1947, war erupted over the dual claimed Kashmir area
-Pakistan lost, and sought an alliance with the US
-Nehru, prime minister of India, sought nonalignment, but took aid from the Soviets
-India was British's jewel in the crown, but though India's split would serve as an anti imperialism symbol in colonies, the British realized that they could not rule without the wishes of the people, and choose to decolonize on their own terms like they did with Canada, where India and Pakistan would gain independence but retain ties to Britian, becoming Dominion members in the British Commonwealth and adopting English as their fist language
d. Nonalignment
-Practice advocated by Nehru to combat the tug of war between the superpowers in the cold war
-Inspired other nations, and
in April 1955 Bandung Conference, advocated the "third path" where a country stayed between the two superpowers and to stress the struggle against colonialism and racism
-Movement suffered from lack of unity, with many having a bias, like Cuba with the Soviets, and the Phillipenes with the United states, but others did succeed in not becoming cold war pawns
2. Nationalist Struggles in Vietnam
-Vietnam had more difficulty
in keeping away from cold war coplications
-in the cold war, there was a fight between capitalist and communist
-right after WWII, they fought against the french and Communist Leader Ho Chi Ming exploited these wartime conditions
a. Fighting the French
-After Japanese conquest of Vietnam, French rule ended
-Near end of WWII, Ho Chi Ming ousted the Japanese, and made the US modeled Vietnamese Declaration of Independence
-France, humiliated by defeats, recaptured Saigon and lots of South Vietnam in 1945
-France was then fought against and defeated by Ho Chi Minh and V Nguyen Giap, who instituted guerilla warfare
-During this fight, China (communist) helped, and communism became popular
-French defeated at Dienbienphu in 1954
b. The Geneva Conference and Partial Independence
-at the peace conference for the F
rench vs Vietnamese fight, they agreed at Geneva in 1954 that Vietnam would be split at the 17th parallel, with the North going to the communist Ho Chi Minh, and with South Korea in Noncommunist
-Ho's communism led Eisenhower to give support to the French war effort, then to the government of South Vietnam
-President Eisenhower violated the agreement, by having the south skip elections, to put a democracy led by Ngo Dinh Diem, the first president of the Republic of (South) Vietnam
-Diem was not popular, and guerilla wsarfare spread
-1960, vietnamese made the National Liberation Front to fight for freedom from South Vietnamese rule, and while many in this organization from the south, they got lots of aid from the north, which led to the North getting more help from China and the Sviets
c. Cold War Stalemate
-due to the fact that Diem was not popular, communist attacks worked
-1965, President Johnson bombed North Korea and had US troops hlp the South vietnamese army, but the best the US and South Vietnam could do against Viet Cong was a draw
-North Vietnam found the stale
mate successful, but the struggle still remained
Arab National States and the Problem of Palestine
• After WWII Arab nations had little trouble becoming independent of European nations with the exception of Palestine.
• Egypt was the only Arab nation that was independent before WWII, but they were still limited by British military control over the strategic Suez Canal and the oil-rich Persian Gulf.
• After the war, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Jordan gained complete independence, but still had significant vestiges of imperial rule that impeded Arab sovereignty.
• The cold war's military-industrial powers needed oil, which is prominent in this region and lead to their involvement in affairs of Arab countries.
• Palestine was under British rule during WWI and promised Jews a homeland in Palestine, but also had to allay the fears of the Palestinians.
• Palestinian Arabs rejected British rule, but most of the Jews were of European descent and threatened Arab interests.
• Arab resentment lead to Anti-Jew riots in the 1920's.
• European Jews were under attack from the Nazis at the same time and moved to Palestine in massive waves.
• Zionists in the region armed themselves to protect the Jewish settlers and lead to more tension in the region.
• With the now independent Arab nations surrounding Palestine and a sense of pan-Arab nationalism stirring was forcing Britain to make a decision on whether it would be the Jewish homeland or if it would be totally independent as an Arab state.
• Britain gave up and gave it up to the newly
created UN who proposed in November of 1947 the separation of Palestine into two states.
• Arabs saw this as unacceptable and in late 1947 a civil war broke out.
• In May 1948 the Jews proclaimed the creation of the independent state of Israel.
• Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq led the war on Israel in support of Palestinian Arabs.
• Israeli armies were stronger and more coordinated than the vastly numerically superior Arab forces anticipated and ended up seizing more land than the UN would have granted the Jews in the original proposal.
• A truce went into effect in 1949 and the partition of Palestine resulted.
• Palestinian Arabs fled the region, first from war and then from the prospect of being under Jewish rule.
-Egypt rulers like Nasser especially tried to get rid of Israel, formed the Muslim Brotherhood, and established Egypt with a goal of ridding Israel, and nonalignment and Econ development with the cold war
-suez canal put Nasser in dominant control where he made a dam to the nile, the Brits French and Israel tried to stop it, but the Unconsulted US and the Soviets objected, leading to Nassers victory, but Nasser never got rid of Israel; there was also lots of competition for oil
Independence in Asia (pages 1095-1106)
Title: The End of Empire
Mohandas Ghandi was assassinated by the Hindu extremist Nathuram Godse in 1948.
-Decolonization is the end of empires, and greatly politically changed the world after WWII.
-The cold war and decolonization both reshaped the world in the late twentieth century.
-With the end of empires newly independent nations emerged from the old empires.
-With the cold war, new nations were opted to take sides between capitalism and communism, which compromised the nations' independence.
-New nations were also concerned with upsetting either of the superpowers and facing nuclear threats.
-Over 90 nations gained independence between the end of WWII and 1960
A. Independence in Asia
-After WWII, multiple new nations emerged and by declaring independence resulted in the downfall of empire in Asia.
-Asian nationalists rallied new nations against colonialism and imperialism, fought against colonial and imperial powers
1. India's Partitioned Independence
a. The Coming of Self Rule
- Under Churchill, India was ordered to support war effort
-When British voted Churchill out of office his conservative gov. was replaced with a labor gov. more suited to dismantle the empire.
-Gradual emergence in popularity of self rule in 1930s, but the public called for independent but separate Muslim and Hindu states.
-Muslim separatism grew in popularity as Indian independence became more possible, India was predominantly Hindu.
b. Partition and Violence
-The idea of splitting India into seperate Muslim and Hindu states went against the beliefs of popular leaders like Ghandi and Nehru, but eventually separation was accepted.
-Millions of Hindu and Muslim refugees crossed into either Hindu India or Muslim Pakistan
-Over a million died in the violence following these migrations
-Deaths upset Ghandi, who continually tried to get both sides to practice nonviolence
-When assassinated he became a martyr to his own cause.
JN
c. Conflict between India and Pakistan
- there were complications between the two nations, where migration hostility, combined with efforts to enhance the individual nation power
-1947, war erupted over the dual claimed Kashmir area
-Pakistan lost, and sought an alliance with the US
-Nehru, prime minister of India, sought nonalignment, but took aid from the Soviets
-India was British's jewel in the crown, but though India's split would serve as an anti imperialism symbol in colonies, the British realized that they could not rule without the wishes of the people, and choose to decolonize on their own terms like they did with Canada, where India and Pakistan would gain independence but retain ties to Britian, becoming Dominion members in the British Commonwealth and adopting English as their fist language
d. Nonalignment
-Practice advocated by Nehru to combat the tug of war between the superpowers in the cold war
-Inspired other nations, and
in April 1955 Bandung Conference, advocated the "third path" where a country stayed between the two superpowers and to stress the struggle against colonialism and racism
-Movement suffered from lack of unity, with many having a bias, like Cuba with the Soviets, and the Phillipenes with the United states, but others did succeed in not becoming cold war pawns
2. Nationalist Struggles in Vietnam
-Vietnam had more difficulty
in keeping away from cold war coplications
-in the cold war, there was a fight between capitalist and communist
-right after WWII, they fought against the french and Communist Leader Ho Chi Ming exploited these wartime conditions
a. Fighting the French
-After Japanese conquest of Vietnam, French rule ended
-Near end of WWII, Ho Chi Ming ousted the Japanese, and made the US modeled Vietnamese Declaration of Independence
-France, humiliated by defeats, recaptured Saigon and lots of South Vietnam in 1945
-France was then fought against and defeated by Ho Chi Minh and V Nguyen Giap, who instituted guerilla warfare
-During this fight, China (communist) helped, and communism became popular
-French defeated at Dienbienphu in 1954
b. The Geneva Conference and Partial Independence
-at the peace conference for the F
rench vs Vietnamese fight, they agreed at Geneva in 1954 that Vietnam would be split at the 17th parallel, with the North going to the communist Ho Chi Minh, and with South Korea in Noncommunist
-Ho's communism led Eisenhower to give support to the French war effort, then to the government of South Vietnam
-President Eisenhower violated the agreement, by having the south skip elections, to put a democracy led by Ngo Dinh Diem, the first president of the Republic of (South) Vietnam
-Diem was not popular, and guerilla wsarfare spread
-1960, vietnamese made the National Liberation Front to fight for freedom from South Vietnamese rule, and while many in this organization from the south, they got lots of aid from the north, which led to the North getting more help from China and the Sviets
c. Cold War Stalemate
-due to the fact that Diem was not popular, communist attacks worked
-1965, President Johnson bombed North Korea and had US troops hlp the South vietnamese army, but the best the US and South Vietnam could do against Viet Cong was a draw
-North Vietnam found the stale
mate successful, but the struggle still remained
Arab National States and the Problem of Palestine
• After WWII Arab nations had little trouble becoming independent of European nations with the exception of Palestine.
• Egypt was the only Arab nation that was independent before WWII, but they were still limited by British military control over the strategic Suez Canal and the oil-rich Persian Gulf.
• After the war, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Jordan gained complete independence, but still had significant vestiges of imperial rule that impeded Arab sovereignty.
• The cold war's military-industrial powers needed oil, which is prominent in this region and lead to their involvement in affairs of Arab countries.
• Palestine was under British rule during WWI and promised Jews a homeland in Palestine, but also had to allay the fears of the Palestinians.
• Palestinian Arabs rejected British rule, but most of the Jews were of European descent and threatened Arab interests.
• Arab resentment lead to Anti-Jew riots in the 1920's.
• European Jews were under attack from the Nazis at the same time and moved to Palestine in massive waves.
• Zionists in the region armed themselves to protect the Jewish settlers and lead to more tension in the region.
• With the now independent Arab nations surrounding Palestine and a sense of pan-Arab nationalism stirring was forcing Britain to make a decision on whether it would be the Jewish homeland or if it would be totally independent as an Arab state.
• Britain gave up and gave it up to the newly
created UN who proposed in November of 1947 the separation of Palestine into two states.
• Arabs saw this as unacceptable and in late 1947 a civil war broke out.
• In May 1948 the Jews proclaimed the creation of the independent state of Israel.
• Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq led the war on Israel in support of Palestinian Arabs.
• Israeli armies were stronger and more coordinated than the vastly numerically superior Arab forces anticipated and ended up seizing more land than the UN would have granted the Jews in the original proposal.
• A truce went into effect in 1949 and the partition of Palestine resulted.
• Palestinian Arabs fled the region, first from war and then from the prospect of being under Jewish rule.
-Egypt rulers like Nasser especially tried to get rid of Israel, formed the Muslim Brotherhood, and established Egypt with a goal of ridding Israel, and nonalignment and Econ development with the cold war
-suez canal put Nasser in dominant control where he made a dam to the nile, the Brits French and Israel tried to stop it, but the Unconsulted US and the Soviets objected, leading to Nassers victory, but Nasser never got rid of Israel; there was also lots of competition for oil